SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Laburnum</title>

</head>

Laburnum

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Laburnum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laburnum (disambiguation)">Laburnum (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Laburnum

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Common laburnum – flowers

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kingdom:

</td>

<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Order:

</td>

<td><a href="Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Family:

</td>

<td><a href="Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Subfamily:

</td>

<td><a href="Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Tribe:

</td>

<td><a href="Genisteae" title="Genisteae">Genisteae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Genus:

</td>

<td> Fabr.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species

</th></tr>

<tr>

See text

</td></tr>

</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1289143401">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(max-width:640px){body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox{width:100%!important}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox th{width:50%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow2 td{padding:2px 10px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Laburnum, sometimes called golden chain or golden rain, is a genus of two species of small <a href="Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> in the subfamily <a href="Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a> of the pea family <a href="Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>. The species are <a href="Laburnum_anagyroides" title="Laburnum anagyroides">Laburnum anagyroides</a>—common laburnum and <a href="Laburnum_alpinum" title="Laburnum alpinum">Laburnum alpinum</a>—alpine laburnum. They are native to the mountains of southern <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from <a href="France" title="France">France</a> to the <a href="Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.

Some botanists include a third species, Laburnum caramanicum, but this native of southeast Europe and <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> is usually treated in a distinct genus <a href="Podocytisus" title="Podocytisus">Podocytisus</a>, more closely allied to the <a href="Genisteae" title="Genisteae">Genisteae</a> (brooms).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The Laburnum trees are <a href="Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>. The leaves are trifoliate, somewhat like a <a href="Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>; the leaflets are typically 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long in L. anagyroides and 4–5 cm (1.5–2 in) long in L. alpinum.

They have yellow pea-<a href="Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> in pendulous leafless <a href="Raceme" title="Raceme">racemes</a> 10–40 cm (4–15.5 in) long in spring, which makes them very popular garden trees. In L. anagyroides, the racemes are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, with densely packed flowers; in L. alpinum the racemes are 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, but with the flowers sparsely along the raceme.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The fruit develops as a <a href="Legume" title="Legume">pod</a> and is extremely poisonous.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

The yellow flowers are responsible for the old poetic name 'golden chain tree' (also written as golden chaintree or goldenchain tree).

All parts of the plant are <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a>, although mortality is very rare.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Symptoms of laburnum poisoning may include intense sleepiness, vomiting, convulsive movements, coma, slight frothing at the mouth and unequally dilated pupils. In some cases, diarrhea is very severe, and at times the convulsions are markedly <a href="Tetanic_contraction" title="Tetanic contraction">tetanic</a>. The main toxin in the plant is <a href="Cytisine" title="Cytisine">cytisine</a>, a nicotinic receptor <a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a>.

It is used as a food plant by the <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species, including the <a href="Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> moth, the <a href="Buff-tip" title="Buff-tip">buff-tip</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accepted_binomials">Accepted binomials</h3></div>

Laburnum comprises the following species:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-PlantList-6">[6]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Laburnum_alpinum" title="Laburnum alpinum">Laburnum alpinum</a> (Mill.) Bercht. & J. Presl</li>

<li><a href="Laburnum_anagyroides" title="Laburnum anagyroides">Laburnum anagyroides</a> Medik.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_names_with_uncertain_taxonomic_status">Species names with uncertain taxonomic status</h3></div>

The status of the following species is unresolved:<a href="#cite_note-PlantList-6">[6]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 300px;">

<ul><li>Laburnum album J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum arboreum J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum biflorum G.Nicholson</li>

<li>Laburnum fragrans Griseb.</li>

<li>Laburnum grandiflorum (DC.) J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum heuffelii Wierzb. ex Fuss</li>

<li>Laburnum ianigerum J. Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum intermedium Dippel</li>

<li>Laburnum jacquinianum Dalla Torre & Sarnth.</li>

<li>Laburnum jaquinianum Dieck</li>

<li>Laburnum laburnum (L.) Voss</li>

<li>Laburnum laburnum Dörfl.</li>

<li>Laburnum lanigerum J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum linneanum Dieck</li>

<li>Laburnum monadelphum Pritz.</li>

<li>Laburnum nigricans J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum nigricanum Fuss</li>

<li>Laburnum nubigenum J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum patens J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum pendulum Raf.</li>

<li>Laburnum praecox Fuss</li>

<li>Laburnum purpurascens hort. & Vilm.</li>

<li>Laburnum purpureum (Scop.) Drapiez</li>

<li>Laburnum ramentaceum (Sieber) K.Koch</li>

<li>Laburnum rochelii Wierzb. ex Fuss</li>

<li>Laburnum serotinum Hort. ex Dippel</li>

<li>Laburnum sessilifolium J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum spinosum J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum tardiflorum auct.</li>

<li>Laburnum triflorum J.Presl</li>

<li>Laburnum variabile hort. & Vilm.</li>

<li>Laburnum weldeni Griseb. ex Lavall.</li>

<li>Laburnum weldenii Griseb. ex Lavallée</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3></div>

The following hybrids have been described:<a href="#cite_note-PlantList-6">[6]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Laburnum_%C3%97_watereri" title="Laburnum × watereri">Laburnum × watereri</a> (Wettst.) Dippel (L. alpinum × L. anagyroides)</li></ul>

There is also a <a href="Graft-chimaera" title="Graft-chimaera">graft-chimaera</a>, <a href="%2B_Laburnocytisus_'Adamii'" title="+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii'">+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii'</a> Lavallée.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodworking">Woodworking</h3></div>

Laburnum has historically been used for cabinetmaking and inlay, as well as for musical instruments. In addition to such <a href="Wind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind instruments">wind instruments</a> as <a href="Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a> and <a href="Flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutes">flutes</a>, it was a popular wood for <a href="Great_Highland_Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Highland Bagpipe">Great Highland Bagpipes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rendle1969-7">[7]</a> before taste turned to imported dense tropical hardwoods such as <a href="Brya_ebenus" title="Brya ebenus">Brya ebenus</a> (cocus wood), <a href="Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, and <a href="Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">Dalbergia melanoxylon</a> (African monkeywood).<a href="#cite_note-Dickson2009-8">[8]</a> The heart-wood of a laburnum may be used as a substitute for ebony or rosewood. It is very hard and a dark chocolate brown, with a butter-yellow sapwood.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3></div>

Laburnum <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="Hybrid_(biology)#Hybrid_plants" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> are cultivated as <a href="Ornamental_plant#Trees" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental trees</a> for gardens and parks. They are also trained as <a href="Espalier" title="Espalier">espaliers</a> on <a href="Pergola" title="Pergola">pergolas</a>, for ceilings of pendant flowers in season. In its natural form, Laburnum is a shrubby, multi-branched tree, but it is often pruned to maintain a single trunk which displays the smooth green bark.

Gardeners are advised to remove the spent seedpods after flowering because they sap the strength of the tree and are the most poisonous part.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Generally Laburnum does not perform well in hot climates, and has a reduced life-span if grown in climates with warm winters. Afternoon shade and the occasional deep watering are advisable in areas with hot, dry summers. They do best in climates with moderate winter and summer temperatures, ideally <a href="Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climates</a> like those of the <a href="Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Laburnum trees are ubiquitous in <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where they are commonly planted as lawn specimens or in shrub borders.

Most garden specimens are of the hybrid between the two species, Laburnum ×watereri 'Vossii' (Voss's laburnum), which combines the longer racemes of L. alpinum with the denser flowers of L. anagyroides; it also has the benefit of low seed production. It has gained the <a href="Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-185918-4783</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Kilbracken, J. 1989. Easy way guide Trees. Larousse. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7523-0027-X</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFForrester_R.M.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Forrester R.M. (1979). "Have you Eaten Laburnum?". The Lancet. 313 (8125): 1073. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2879%2992963-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92963-5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/86787">86787</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38961471">38961471</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Laburnum&species~">"ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Laburnum"</a>. International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUSDAARSNational_Genetic_Resources_Program" class="citation web cs1"><a href="USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>; <a href="Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">ARS</a>; National Genetic Resources Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122101/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6427">"GRIN species records of Laburnum"</a>. <a href="Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a>—(GRIN) [Online Database]. <a href="Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center" title="Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center">National Germplasm Resources Laboratory</a>, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6427">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PlantList-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlantList_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlantList_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlantList_6-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Laburnum/">"The Plant List entry for Laburnum"</a>. <a href="The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a>. <a href="Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> and the <a href="Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rendle1969-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Rendle1969_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRendle_BJ1969" class="citation book cs1">Rendle BJ (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIhGAAAAYAAJ">World Timbers: Europe and Africa</a>. Vol. 1. Univ of Toronto Press. p. 40. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0802015709</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dickson2009-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Dickson2009_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDickson_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Dickson J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOfk2YpundEC&pg=PA50">The Highland bagpipe: music, history, tradition</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 50. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7546-6669-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Norris_Brenzel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed. (2007). Sunset Western Garden Book. p. 429.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c115">"Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii'"</a>. Missouribotanicalgarden.com. Retrieved 18 December 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150139/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1105">"Plant Selector—Laburnum ×watereri 'Vossii'"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1105">the original</a> on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants - Ornamental"</a> (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 57. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Laburnum&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=">Flora Europaea: Laburnum</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517100307/http://ildis.org/">ILDIS Legume Database</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925221835/http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/nature/time-lapse/time-lapse.asp?pic=16">Laburnum tree video</a> — time lapse of a year in the life of a Laburnum tree.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/labrun02.html">Grieve, 'A Modern Herbal' (1931)</a></li></ul>

Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laburnum" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Laburnum">Laburnum</a> at Wikimedia Commons

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3640" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3640" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Laburnum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147184" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q147184">Q147184</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laburnum" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Laburnum">Laburnum</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51811">51811</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000460054">NHMSYS0000460054</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/LABUR">LABUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A22728-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:22728-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40000647">40000647</a></li>

<li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1310">1310</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Laburnum&oldid=1288877209">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>